The global health landscape is more fragmented than ever, underscoring the urgent need to strengthen the global health architecture through better coordination, improved infrastructure, and greater system efficiency. Transforming the structural framework of global health also requires rethinking how it is governed—by creating a more inclusive, transparent, and accountable system that reflects the diverse needs of the global health community. To address these challenges effectively, it is essential to not only focus on strengthening the governance and structural frameworks of global health, but also to reimagine the inherent financial mechanisms. Such an approach has to be coupled with robust and sustainable financing that ensures long-term stability, equitable resource allocation, and resilience in addressing future health challenges.

Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, and mental health disorders, present major health risks to individuals and communities, as the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. These chronic diseases and conditions result from a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors. Therefore, mitigating this public and global health burden requires prevention, early detection, effective management, and cross-sector collaboration while addressing these interconnected factors, including social and economic determinants. Notably, the Fourth United Nations High-Level Meeting on NCDs in September 2025 aims to adopt a political declaration to accelerate global efforts in prevention, management, and mental health promotion.

Peace and health are intrinsically connected and interdependent. Violent conflicts are ongoing in all regions of the world and, consequently, have drastic consequences for human health. In fact, health systems themselves have increasingly become targets during conflict. The destruction of healthcare infrastructure, restricted access to medical services, and the spread of diseases impact lives and livelihoods, leading to long-term instability. Conversely, a healthy population not only strengthens peace but also promotes social stability, economic productivity, and resilient communities. Addressing these challenges requires an integrated approach which recognizes that health and peace cannot be conceptualized or tackled independently. The WHO Peace and Health Initiative recognizes this interdependence, advocating for policies that bridge health and security efforts, while building resilience, and ensuring equity. In this way, by strengthening health systems and promoting justice, societies can achieve lasting peace and well-being for all, fostering global stability.

Ensuring the health and well-being of women and children is fundamental to global development and equity. Health is a basic human right, yet systemic barriers, such as socio-economic inequality, racism, gender disparity, and violence against women, continue to hinder access. Especially, in crises and war, women and children bear the highest burden, facing increased risks of violence, displacement, and inadequate healthcare. Thus, protecting their right to health means ensuring access to quality care, disease prevention, and supportive conditions, including essential resources. Addressing these barriers strengthens families and communities, supporting stability and justice. Transforming policy into practice is essential for lasting, generational impact.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is evolving global health by enhancing data-driven decision-making, optimizing resource allocation, and improving well-being. Therefore, prioritizing AI for health has the potential to strengthen healthcare systems and address global health challenges, particularly by bridging gaps in access to essential services. However, responsible AI implementation requires robust governance structures, policies, and normative technical guidance to ensure trust, transparency, and ethical practices. Establishing long-term institutional frameworks and evidence-based adoption methods is crucial for sustainable integration. By promoting inclusivity, accountability, and interdisciplinary cooperation, AI can drive more efficient and responsive global health systems.

Climate change presents a major threat to global health, disrupting not only the physical environment but also the socio-economic and institutional foundations that sustain human well-being. Intensifying climate hazards include rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, droughts, floods, and rising sea levels. These directly and indirectly undermine the environmental and social determinants of health, fueling the emergence and spread of diseases, exacerbating noncommunicable conditions, and heightening mental health challenges, while disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities. To address these systemic, cross-border threats, equitable strategies are needed. Integrating climate adaptation into health systems, strengthening surveillance, and ensuring access to resources is essential. Holistic, interdisciplinary approaches that link human, animal, and environmental health must guide policy and practice.